The+West+Between+Wars

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By: JJ, Alyssa, & Abi 1939







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“And I can fight only for something that I love, love only what I respect, and respect only what I at least know.” ― Adolf Hitler

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The peace settlement at the end of WWI left many nations unhappy and border disputes started throughout Europe while the League of Nations proved itself weak. Economic problems happened in France, Great Britain, and the Germany. When Germany declared that it could not keep paying reparations, France occupied Germany's Ruhr Valley as a source. The Dawes Plan was created to reduce the worry to pay reparations and it led to a time of prosperity and American investment in Europe. Democracy was widespread, and women in many European countries gained the right to vote. =====

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By 1939 most European democracies had collapsed and only France and Great Britain remained democratic. Benito Mussolini began his political career as a Socialist, but later turned to fascist ways, which was goof for the state. After the Russian civil war, Lenin restored capitalist ways to prevent economic and political collapse. Joseph Stalin emerged as the most powerful Communist figure after Lenin’s death. Stalin sidelined the Bolsheviks of the revolutionary time and established totalitarian rule. =====

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Adolf Hitler created a political party in Germany after World War I. As democracy, right-wing started struggling, people looked to him for leadership became chancellor in 1933. Soon all major institutions were brought under the control of the Nazis. After World War I, new forms of entertainment, such radio and film, became popular. Hitler and the Nazis made use of both. =====

__**Terms: **__
 * 1) **__Ruhr Valley:__** was Germany's main industrial zone during the early 1900s. Most factories were located there. Occupation of the Ruhr in the 1920s by French forces caused passive resistance, which saw production in the factories grind to a halt.
 * 2) **__Dawes Plan:__** was an attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem, which had bedeviled international politics, in the wake of the Ruhr occupation and the hyperinflation crisis. It provided for the Allies to collect war reparation debt from Germany.
 * 3) **__Kellogg-Briand Pact:__** was an agreement signed on August 27, 1928, by the United States,France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. The Kellogg–Briand Pact is named after its authors: Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand.
 * 4) __**Popular Front:**__ a broad coalition of different political groupings, often made up of leftists and centrists. Being very broad, they can sometimes include centrist and liberal (or "bourgeois") forces as well as socialist and communist ("working-class") groups.
 * 5) __**Collective Bargaining:**__ a process of negotiations between employers and a group of employees aimed at reaching agreements that regulate working conditions. The interests of the employees are commonly presented by representatives of a trade union to which the employees belong.
 * 6) __**Labour Party:**__ a social democratic political party in the United Kingdom. It overtook the Liberal Party in general elections during the early 1920s, forming minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 and 1929–1931. The party was in a wartime coalition from 1940 to 1945.
 * 7) __**Deficit Spending:**__ the amount by which a government, private company, or individual's spending exceeds income over a particular period of time, also called simply "deficit", or "budget deficit", the opposite of budget surplus.
 * 8) __**OVRA:**__ was the secret police of the Kingdom of Italy, founded in 1927 under the regime of Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini and during the reign of King Victor Emmanuel III.
 * 9) __**Kolkhozes:**__ component of the socialized farm sector that began to emerge in Soviet agriculture after the October Revolution of 1917 as an antithesis to individual or family farming. The 1920s were characterized by spontaneous and apparently voluntary emergence of collective farms.
 * 10) __**Lebensraum:**__ German for "living space", was one of the major political ideas of Adolf Hitler, and an important component of Nazi ideology. It served as the motivation for the expansionist policies of Nazi Germany, aiming to provide extra space for the growth of the German population.





**1. __Adolf Hitler__**: 1889 –1945 was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Nazi Party. He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945 **2. __Joseph Stalin:__** 1878–1953 was the leader of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. Was one of the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 **3. __Heinrich Himmler__**: 1900– 1945 was vice führer of the SS, a military commander, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. As Chief of the German Police and the Minister of the Interior from 1943, oversaw all police and security forces, including the Gestapo **4.__Benito Mussolini:__** July 1883 –1945 was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943, and is credited with being one of the main creators of fascism **5. __Franklin Delano Roosevelt__**: 1882 –1945 also known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945) and a major figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms **6. __John Maynard Keynes__**: 1883–1946 was a British economist whose ideas have affected the economic policies of governments, his ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics **7. __Francisco Franco__**: 1892 –1975 was a Spanish general, dictator and the leader of the Nationalist military rebellion in the Spanish Civil War, and totalitarian head of state of Spain, from October **8. __Hermann Hesse:__** 1877 –1962 was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. His best-known works include Steppenwolf, Siddhartha, and The Glass Bead Game **9. __James Joyce__**: 1882-1941 was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the 20th century, best known for Ulysses, a landmark work in which the episodes of Homer's Odyssey **10. __Salvador Dalí:__** 1904 –1989 was a prominent Spanish surrealist painter born in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain. was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking and bizarre images in his surrealist work. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters



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