Industrial+Revolution+and+Intellectual+Development

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"I sell here, Sir, what all the world desires to have—POWER." James //Watt//

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Many factors contributed to the industrial revolution that started in Britain and later spread to the Americas. Great Britain’s ready capital along with entrepreneurs was key in making all the industrial changes. A more mechanized production method made cotton more productive which led to a growth in the textile world. Along with coal and iron became new methods of production leading to railroads and new factories. These methods spread quickly and the need for workers increased bringing people to cities. This industrial working class that was created worked in terrible conditions 12 to 16 hours a day. Children were even expected to work in these conditions and in the coal mines, some as young as nine. =====

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The second industrial revolution, in the late 1800s, was led by steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum. Steel had replaced iron by making machines and engines, railways, ships, and weapons. Electricity became valuable once it was recognized as being easy to transform into heat, light, and motion as well as being able to transport through wires. Marconi’s radio waves and Bell’s telephone was the result of these discoveries along with Edison’s light bulb. With lighting, factories could remain open 24 hours a day. Oil and gasoline powered the internal combustion engine which gave way to ocean liners, the airplane, and the automobile. =====

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Before 1914, the beliefs of the scientific revolution and enlightenment had been continued until they had started to become questionable. Marie Curie had discovered that an element, radium, gave off energy (radiation) and those atoms were not hard material bodies but small active worlds. Einstein had then created the theory of relativity that said space and time are not absolute but relative to the observer. Sigmund Freud had turned more towards a person’s thoughts by using a method called psychoanalysis where a train of memories could heal a person if they were retraced. =====



__Charles Darwin:__ Taught the theory of evolution; Wrote "On the Origin of Species" in 1859. Organic Evolution and Natural Selection. Sailed the HMS Beagle around the world


[|Professor Robert A. Hatch of the University of Florida has created a diverse and engaging introduction to the Scientific Revolution. He provides an overview and background to the Scientific Revolution, bibliographic essays, outlines, timelines, a glossary, biographies of major sources, well organized links to primary and secondary sources, manuscript and archive sources, and books on-line.] [|Industrial Revolution that gives a brief overview and lesson plans] [|Overview of the Industrial Revolution] [|this is a summary of the industrial revolution] [|Fordham University created an easy to navigate site with some links] [|MSU made an overview of the Industrial Revolution] [|the Bessemer Process created by Henry Bessemer is described here] [|How Stuff Works has a site on how the internal combustion engine works] [|about.com: inventors have made a site on orville and wilbur wright] [|this is an entire website devoted to thomas edison and his life]



Terms:


 * 1) __Entrepreneurs__- the wealthy people interested in finding new business opportunities around the world and new ways to make a profit for themselves.
 * 2) __Cottage industry__- referred to home workers who were engaged in a task such as sewing and lace making or household manufacturing. Some industries which are usually operated from large centralized factories were cottage industries before the Industrial revolution.
 * 3)  __Socialism__- an economic system characterized by social ownership or control of the means of production and cooperative management of the economy.
 * 4)  __Romanticism__- was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.
 * 5)  __Secularization__- is the transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward non-religious values and secular institutions.
 * 6)  __Organic Evolution__- any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization.
 * 7) __Revisionists__- rejected the revolutionary approach and argued that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and words with other parties.
 * 8)  __Puddling__- the making iron and steel. In the original puddling technique, molten iron in a furnace was stirred with rods, which were consumed in the process. It was one of the first processes for making bar iron without charcoal in Europe.
 * 9)  __Dictatorship__- a government controlled by one person, or a small group of people. In this form of government the power rests entirely on the person or group of people, and can be obtained by force or by inheritance. The dictator may also take away much of its peoples freedom.
 * 10)  __Proletariat__- a term used to identify a lower social class, usually the working class. a member of such a class is proletarian. Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their children.