French+Revolution+and+Napoleon

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media type="custom" key="12460280" media type="custom" key="12460288" media type="custom" key="12460296" "Any law which violates the inalienable rights of man is essentially unjust and tyrannical; it is not a law at all." -
 * Maximilien Robespierre**





Terms:
 * 1) **__Bourgeoisie__**- meaning "middle class," was about 8% of the population that included merchants bankers, industrialists, and professional people such as lawyers and holders of public office.
 * 2) __**Bastile**__- was a royal armory filled with arms and ammunition that was also a state prison. The Bastile was built in response to the English threat to the city of Paris during the Hundreds Years Was.
 * 3) __**Taille**__- was a direct land tax on the French Peasantry and non-nobles in //Ancien Régime// France. The tax was imposed on each household and based on how much land it held.
 * 4) __**Great Fear**__- A vast panic that spread quickly through France due to revolutions. In response to rumors, fearful peasants armed themselves in self defense and, in some areas, attacked their manor houses.
 * 5) __**Grapeshot**__- a cluster of small iron balls used to shoot the condemned in open graves. When assembled, the balls resembled a cluster of grapes, hence the name. On firing, the balls spread out from the muzzle, giving an effect similar to a giant shotgun.
 * 6) __**Reign of Terror**__- an effort where Revolutionary courts were set up to prosecute internal enemies of the revolutionary republic. Close to 40000 people were killed.
 * 7) __**The Directory**__- 5 directors elected by the Council of Elders from a list given by the Council of 500, to act as the executive commitee.
 * 8) __**Council of 500**__- the lower house of 2 chambers that were made to keep any one governmental group from gaining complete control over everyone.
 * 9) __**Sans-Culottes**__ - ordinary patriots without fine clothes, they wore long trousers instead of wearing knee length breaches, this means "without breeches."
 * 10) __**Factions**__ - they were dissenting goups, and the most important were the Girodins, and the mountain, both were members of the Jacobin club.

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 * The French Revolution happened because of long term and short term problems. Society was a long term problem because it was set up in three estates. The first and second estates were the clergy and the nobility. Both of these groups did not have to pay taxes and could hold political positions which angered people in the third estate (the commoners and the bourgeoisie). They were also angry because taxes needed to be raised because the government was spending too much money which the first two estates didn’t have to pay. Louis XVI was forced to call a meeting of the estates general. The third estate had the goal of abolishing taxation exemptions on the first and second estates. A problem arose when each estate got one vote each so the third estate was outnumbered two to one. In outrage they created the Tennis Court Oath that said they would continue to meet until a constitution was created. After a while, some leaders of other nations began to fear the spread of the revolution to other countries and Austrian and Prussian leaders threatened to make Louis XVI have full power again. The Legislative Assembly then declared war on Austria and Prussia taking the French Revolution to a more violent stage. **=====

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 * The power of the national assembly had now been passed to the commune. A forced meeting of the National Convention took place which contained fairly young people and all of them distrusting to the king. The only this agreeable upon was to abolish the monarchy and establish the republic. After that it soon split into factions. The ultimate decision was Louis XVI being executed. This sent outrage throughout Europe making Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Britain and the Dutch Republic to collaborate at taking France down. Soon after spring 1793, the revolutionists’ were defeated and the old Regime was back in power. The Regime of Terror was ordered to take place by the Committee of Public Safety; its goal to prosecute internal enemies. The French Revolution was an important step to modern nationalism because unlike small trained armies fighting, the people fought this was and creating part of the U.S. government along the way. **=====

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 * Napoleon Bonaparte started as a lieutenant in the French army and quickly rose through the ranks to become commander of the French army in Italy 1796. After an attempt defeat in Britain, Napoleon returned and crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I. napoleon had managed to make peace with the Catholic Church, create a civil code, which did take some rights away, and created a new bureaucracy based on ability rather than rank or birth. Napoleons Empire had collapsed almost as rapidly as it had begun because of Great Britain’s survival and nationalism. He had tried to defeat Britain again by collecting war ships and which only made their trade flourish even more. Next, napoleon had invaded Russia. Russia kept retreating while managing to keep napoleon from finding food by burning towns. Napoleon had returned of France once again and was captured and exiled to a small island, St. Helen, in the Atlantic Ocean. **=====

__**10 PEOPLE**__

 * 1) ==== __Napoleon Bonaparte-__ Emperor of France from 1804 to 1815, Created the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on civil law worldwide, generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time, born in Corsica ====
 * 2) ==== __Louis XVI-__ a Bourbon monarch who ruled as King of France and Navarre until 1791, as King of France from 1791 to 1792, executed in 1793. ====
 * 3) ==== __Maximilian Robespierre__- one of the best-known/ most influential figures of the French Revolution, dominated the Committee of Public Safety, involved in the Reign of Terror, arrested and executed in 1794. "The Incorruptible" ====
 * 4) ==== __Georges Danton-__ he was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution, first President of the Committee of Public Safety. ====
 * 5) ==== __Duke of Wellington-__ Wellington rose to a general during the Napoleonic Wars, and was promoted to the rank of field marshal after leading the allied forces to victory against the French at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813. ====
 * 6) ==== __General Lafayette-__ Lafayette called a meeting of the French Estates-General, where representatives from the three estates met, presented a draft of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. ====
 * 7) ==== __Jean-Paul Marat__- best known for career in France as a journalist and politician during the French Revolution, defender of the sans-culottes, He was murdered in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday. ====
 * 8) ==== __Charlotte Corday-__ In 1793, she was executed under the guillotine for the assassination of Jacobin leader Jean-Paul Marat, who was in part responsible, through his role as a politician and journalist ====
 * 9) ==== __Anne Louise Germaine de Stael-__ in 1788 she appeared as an author under her own name generally, novels were bestsellers and her literary criticism was highly influential, exulted in the meeting of the estates general ====
 * 10) ==== __Olympe de Gouges-__ was born Marie Gouze, was a French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience. ====

[|This great site is a collaboration of the Center for History and New Media (George Mason University) and the American Social History Project (City University of New York). It serves as a useful and lively introduction to the French Revolution as well as a repository of many key documents from the era.] [|This Britannia Internet Magazine sites provides useful information on the history of Europe during the past two hundred years and, in this chapter, the ideology of the French Revolution.] [|A visually appealing and informative PBS site on Napoleon. The site offers concise summaries and expert commentary on the following topics: The Man and the Myth, Napoleon and Josephine, Politics in Napoleon's Time, and Napoleon at War.] [|Napoleon.org is produced by The Fondation Napoleon which has as its mission the encouragement of the study of and in interest in the history of the First and Second Empires. The website is bilingual (French/English), updated daily, and includes: a weekly newsletter, - Essential Napoleon, Fun stuff (Napoleonic post] [|timetoast has a timeline of all the major events that occured in the French Revolution] cards, music, recipes, jigsaws, quizzes, wallpaper, screensaver, etc.), [|A useful research site, NapoleonSeries.org is dedicated to the study of Napoleon Bonaparte, the Napoleonic Era, and the French Revolution. This site provides access to contemporary documents and serves as a vehicle for historians to share their work.] [|this is a list of all of the French Revolution documents that can be read] [|the History channel has all of their French Revoultion videos online ready to watch] [|schoolhistory has french revolution games that are actually fun with good animations] [|Glencoe has tests that can be taken to understand material from chapter 18 of the textbook]