Crisis+&+Absolutism+in+Europe

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1550 - 1715 By: JJ, Abi, & Alyssa

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" **I will be as good unto ye as ever a Queen was unto her people. No will in me can lack, neither do I trust shall there lack any power. And persuade yourselves that for the safety and quietness of you all I will not spare if need be to spend my blood. ** **//(Elizabeth to the Lord Mayor and people of London on the eve of her Coronation) " //**



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**Terms:**


 * 1) __**Militant**__- meaning combative. It describes a type of religion that was highly combative and aggressive, especially in support of a cause.
 * 2) __**Act of Supremacy**__- it named Elizabeth I as the only supreme governor of both church and state. It required anyone taking public or church office to swear allegiance to her as head of the Church and state.
 * 3) __**Witchcraft**__- meaning magic, has been a part of traditional village culture for centuries. It was widely believed in early modern Christian Europe that witches were in league with the Devil and used their powers to harm people and property.
 * 4) __**Mercantilism**__- the economic doctrine in which government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and military security of the state.
 * 5) __**Absolutism**__- is a monarchical form of government form of government in which the monarch exercises ultimate governing authority as head of state and head of government, and his powers couldn’t be limited by a constitution or by the law.
 * 6) __**Inflation**__- is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer good and services.
 * 7) __**Armada**__- otherwise known as the Counter Armada was a fleet of warships sent to the Iberian Coast Elizabeth I during the Anglo-Spanish War.
 * 8) __**Salvo**__- is the simultaneous discharge of artillery or firearms including the firing of guns either to hit a target or to perform a salute. This term also means the firing of broadsides by warships, especially battleships.
 * 9) __**Roundheads**__- was the nickname given to the supporters of the Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I and his supporters, the Cavaliers, who claimed absolute power.
 * 10) __**Cavaliers**__- the name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I and son Charles II during the English Civil War. They fought against the roundheads who were against King Charles.

__**10 People**__
> ====== > [|Glencoe World History book has a website where information can be found] > [|this is a slideshare of crisis and absolutism] > [|review games for crisis and absolutism] > [|2010 edition of Glencoe world history book] > [|Palace of Versailles] > [|new world encyclopedia site on spanish inquisition] > [|spanish armada overview] > [|social studies for kids with the first colony] > [|Habeas Corpus law explained here] > [|Scottish Rebelion click here] > > > ==== ==== > ==== ==== > ======== > ==== ==== > ======== ==== **Catholicism and Calvinism were very combative by 1860. This was one of the factors of the sixteenth century religious wars. The French Wars of religion were civil wars after the 30 Years War. Henry IV converted Protestants to Catholicism. He created the Edict of Nantes which made Catholicism the official religion and gave the right to Protestant stop practice religion and be able to hold political power. Phillip II (son of Charles IV) and Spain saw itself as those needed to save Catholic Christianity from Protestants. Phillips reign ended in 1598 when Spain had the largest populated empire in the world. Spain was not the power it had appeared to be because its treasury was bankrupt. In 1588 Phillip ordered preparations for a fleet of war ships to attack England after hearing that people would rise against their queen. The Spanish then sailed back to Spain through a northern route and was lost at sea.** ====
 * 1) === __Elizabeth I-__ “The Virgin Queen” “Good Queen Bess” the last of the Tudor family, defeated the Spanish Armada started the Elizabethan Age 1558-1603 ===
 * 2) === __Charles II-__ “Merry Monarch” 1660-1685, restored the monarchy in England, son of Charles I exiled in France, created the Habeas Corpus Act in 1679 ===
 * 3) === __Francis Drake-__ English Admiral who destroyed the Spanish Armada, an invasion on England that consisted of 60,000 soldiers 168 ships that sailed up the English channel ===
 * 4) === __King Charles I-__ fought against Parliament in the English Civil War from 1642-1649, the kings cavalry and the royalists fought against the middle and lower class ===
 * 5) === __Oliver Cromwell-__ “Lord Protector” the New Model Army leader that captured King Charles I in 1646, dictator from 1646-1658 under strict puritan rules ===
 * 6) === __Gustavus Adolphus-__ “Lion of the North” 21 million killed in fighting the thirty years war, the Peace of the Westphalia ends the thirty years war in 1648 ===
 * 7) === __Louis XIV-__ “Sun King” 1643-1715, said “I am the State!” built the palace of Versailles, he was a great example of absolutism in Europe ===
 * 8) === __Cardinal Richelieu-__ 1624-1642, the chief advisor of Louis XIII, one of the greatest European rulers, he fought in the Thirty Years War ===
 * 9) === __Mary Stuart-__ Queen of Scotland “Mary Queen of Scots” conspired to take the throne and imprisoned and beheaded in the Tower of London in 1587 ===
 * 10) ==== **__James II-__ 1685-1688 the brother of Charles II, “Rock-A-Bye-Baby" was based on the birth of his son, he was forces to give up the crown in 1688** ====

==== **Religious disputes continued even after the Pease of Augsburg in 1555. Most of the battles were fought in Germany but all major European powers except England had taken part. The Peace of Westphalia stated that all German states could choose their religion. This included Calvinistic ones. England had entered a civil war in 1642 between supporters of the king and the parliamentary forces. Parliament had won mostly because of the leading by Oliver Cromwell. More than a year after his death, the monarchy was restored by Charles II and the James II.** ====

==== **Absolution had become a response to the crisis of the seventeenth century. Louis XIV had been known as the best example because French culture language and manners reaches into all levels of European society and his court was imitated throughout Europe. Louis XIV took over the day after Cardinal Mazarin’s death. He established a royal court at Versailles. The served three purposes such as the kings personal household, the chief offices of the state and a place where powerful subjects came to find favors and offices for themselves. Louis XIV had the services of Jean Baptiste Colbert who sought to decrease imports and increase exports making the economy more profitable. Prussia, created by Frederick William had become the most powerful German state. Austrian Hapsburgs had played a role in European Politics as Holy Roman Emperors. A Russian state had emerged in the fifteenth century and in the seventeenth century, Ivan IV b ecame the first Czar.** ====