Scientific+Revolution+and+Enlightenment

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1550 - 1800 By: JJ, Alyssa, & Abi



**Terms:**


 * 1) __ **Geocentric** __ - the idea that placed Earth in the center of the universe and the planets revolved around it. This was thought of by the ancient Greek philosopher Ptolemy.
 * 2) __ **Heliocentric** __ - the idea that placed the sun in the center of the universe and all the planets revolved around it. This was thought of by Nicholas Copernicus.
 * 3) __ **Copernican System** __ - system that threatened the church's entire conception of the universe and it seemed to contradict the Bible and the heavens above.
 * 4) __ **Scientific Method** __ - a systematic procedure for collecting data and analyzing evidence. It was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world.
 * 5) __ **Inductive Reasoning** __ - said that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general. Scientists were told to use this instead of relying on the ideas of ancient authorities.
 * 6) __ **Separation of Powers** __ - where the executive, judicial, and legislative powers or branches of the government limit and control each other in a system of checks and balances.
 * 7) __ **Physiocrats** __ - French group interested in identifying the natural economic laws that governed human society. This group developed the theory of physiocracy.
 * 8) __ **Social Contract** __ - where an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will. The individuals who wished instead to follow their own self interests must be forced to abide it's general will.
 * 9) __ **Enlightened Absolutism** __ - where some rulers tried to govern by the new Enlightenment principles while they still tried maintaining their original royal powers.
 * 10) __ **Rococo** __ - new artistic style in the 18th century that emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action. It is also referred to "Late Baroque."



"Doubt is the father of inventions." - Galileo



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 * The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries had caused many philosophers to question what was previously thought to be thought because the Renaissance had brought forth writing that told of others disagreeing with Aristotle and other accepted authorities of the middle ages. Math and inventions had a large role in the new discoveries found during this time. Astronomy was advances by Ptolemy and Couperus when geocentric and heliocentric models were created. The geocentric model was made first; it placed the earth at the center of the solar system followed by the model of the heliocentric which had placed the sun at the center. Galileo had made observations of the moon and Jupiter’s moons as well as coming to the conclusion that objects in space were consisted of matter. Newton had explained how things move around each other with the universal law of gravitation. Breakthroughs in medicine and chemistry were also made along with ways of thoughts such as rationalism, the scientific method and inductive reasoning. **


 * Enlightenment was an eighteenth century philosophical movement on intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the science revolution. Newton and Locke were probably the biggest contributors to this because of their understanding of physics and human understanding and thought process. The doctrine called Laissez-Faire stated that the state should leave economics alone because the people would do what they wanted and it would benefit. Enlightenment not only affected the wealthy and the upper classes but it also affected women’s rights and reading as well. The growth of publication and reading became noticeable in the eighteenth century. Enlightenment had been spread through salons. These were large drawing rooms of the upper class and it was here that the new ideas of the philosophies had been spread. **


 * Enlightenment throughout Europe impacted many aspects of life. Music had been influenced as a new style, known as rococo, which emphasizes grace, charm, and action. Novels were developed during this time where authors wrote about morals. Government was changed slightly. Enlightenment absolutism was the governing style of using enlightenment principles while having absolute power. In the sixteenth century, Latin America had become a multiracial society. Europeans were allowed to marry Native Americans and were beginning to have offspring with slave brought in. gold and silver was a big profit but farming turned out to be the biggest. The American Revolution soon took place when Britain wanted to break free of England because of the tax that they put on certain goods. Countries that had wanted revenge on England for getting defeated decided to side with the American colonies. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 ending the war. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights were ready to be created. **

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__**10 People**__

 * 1) ====** __Galileo-__ Italian astronomer and mathematician who built his own telescope and found four moons revolving around Jupiter **====
 * 2) ====** __Newton-__ formulated the Laws of Gravitation that supported Galileo's theory. the universal gravitational theory that states why the planets move like they do along wwith other things. **====
 * 3) ====** __Copernicus-__ Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center, this is the way we use today **====
 * 4) ====** __Ptolemy-__ Ancient astronomer who said earth was the center of the universe and the Ptolemaic system was created from this, we now know otherwise but it was a great start in the astronomy feild **====
 * 5) ====** __John Locke-__ believed all people have a right to life, liberty, and property; Two Treatises on Government **====
 * 6) ====** __Francis Bacon-__ Helped develop the Scientific Method. kids all over America are taught this in science classes **====
 * 7) ====** __Rousseau-__ French philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society; The Social Contract **====
 * 8) ====** __Adam Smith-__Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade; Wealth of Nations **====
 * 9) ====** __Baron de Montesquieu-__Believed government should have separation of powers; The Spirit of Laws this eliminates one person of group of holding too mich power **====
 * 10) ====** __William Harvey-__ described the circulation of blood to and from the heart. very helpful in the science and medical feilds today. **====





[|an easy to uderstand explanation on scientific reformation and enlightenment] [|Fordham University's organized version of scientific, political and industrial revolution] [|a general overview of the reformation and enlightenment] [|copernican model] [|Galileo Project and thoughts on the Ptolemaic system] [|for a biography on Robert Boyle click here] [|a biography of Margaret Cavendish] [|Francis Bacon and the scientific method] [|biography on Catherine the Great] [|summary on enlightened absolutism by the history doctor]